Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

Prince Arthur
Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Tenure 28 March 1884 – 16 January 1942
Predecessor New creation
Successor Alastair Windsor
Spouse Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia
Issue
Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden
Prince Arthur of Connaught
Princess Patricia of Connaught
Full name
Arthur William Patrick Albert
House House of Windsor
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Father Albert, Prince Consort
Mother Queen Victoria
Born 1 May 1850(1850-05-01)
Buckingham Palace, London
Died 16 January 1942(1942-01-16) (aged 91)
Bagshot Park, Surrey
Burial Royal Burial Ground

His Royal Highness
the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
KG, KT, KP, PC, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GCVO, GBE, VD, TD, AdC(P)

10th Governor General of Canada
In office
13 October 1911 – 11 November 1916
Monarch George V
Prime Minister Canadian
 • Robert Borden
British
 • H. H. Asquith
Preceded by The Earl Grey
Succeeded by The Duke of Devonshire
More...

Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family who served as the Governor General of Canada, the 10th since Canadian Confederation.

Born the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Arthur was educated by private tutors before at the age of 16 entering the Royal Military College at Woolwich. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British Army, where he served for some 40 years, seeing service in various parts of the British Empire. During this time he was also created as a royal duke, becoming the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, as well as the Earl of Sussex. He was appointed as Governor-General of Canada in 1911 by his nephew, King George V, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom H. H. Asquith, to replace the Earl Grey as viceroy, occupying the post until succeeded by the Duke of Devonshire in 1916. Given his military service, the selection of Arthur proved to be prudent, as he acted as the King's, and thus the Canadian Commander-in-Chief's, representative through the first years of World War I.

After the end of his viceregal tenure, Arthur returned to the United Kingdom and there, as well as in India, performed various royal duties, while also again taking up military duties. Though he retired from public life in 1928, he continued to make his presence known in the army well into the Second World War, just before his death in 1942; at the time of his death, he was Queen Victoria's last surviving son.

Contents

Early life

Arthur was born at Buckingham Palace on 1 May 1850, the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Bird Sumner, on 22 June in the palace's private chapel, the Prince's godparents were Prince William of Prussia; his great-uncle's sister-in-law, Princess Bernard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (for whom his maternal grandmother the Duchess of Kent stood proxy); and the Duke of Wellington (with whom he shared his birthday and after whom he was named).[1][2] As with his older brothers, Arthur received his early education from private tutors and it was reported that he became the Queen's favourite child.[3]

Military service

It was at an early age that Arthur developed an interest in the army, and in 1866 he followed through on his military ambitions by enrolling at the Royal Military College at Woolwich, from where he graduated two years later and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers on 18 June 1868.[4] The Prince transferred to the Royal Regiment of Artillery on 2 November 1868 and,[5] on 2 August 1869, to the Rifle Brigade,[6] his father's own regiment, after which he conducted a long and distinguished career as an army officer, including service in South Africa, Canada in 1869, Ireland, Egypt in 1882, and in India from 1886 to 1890.

In Canada, Arthur, as an officer with the Montreal detachment of the Rifle Brigade,[2] undertook a year's training and engaged in defending the Dominion from the Fenian Raids; there had initially been concern that the Fenians and their supporters in the United States might harm the Prince, but it was decided his military duty was primary.[2] Following his arrival at Halifax, Arthur toured the country for eight weeks and made a visit in January 1870 to Washington, D.C., where he met with President Ulysses S. Grant.[2][7] During his service in Canada he was also entertained by Canadian society; amongst other activities, he attended an investiture ceremony in Montreal, was a guest at balls and garden parties, and attended the opening of parliament in Ottawa (becoming the first member of the Royal Family to do so),[7] all of which was documented in photographs that were sent back for the Queen to view. It was not, however, all social and state functions for Arthur; the Prince was on 25 May 1870 engaged in fending off Fenian invaders during the Battle of Eccles Hill, for which he received the Fenian Medal.[8]

Arthur made an impression on many in Canada. He was given on 1 October 1869 the title Chief of the Six Nations by the Iroquois of the Grand River Reserve in Ontario and the name Kavakoudge (meaning the sun flying from east to west under the guidance of the Great Spirit), enabling him to sit in the tribe's councils and vote on matters of tribe governance. As he became the 51st chief on the council, his appointment broke the centuries old tradition that there should only be 50 chiefs of the Six Nations.[9] Of the Prince, Lady Lisgar, wife of then Governor General of Canada the Lord Lisgar, noted in a letter to Victoria that Canadians seemed hopeful Prince Arthur would one day return as governor general.[10]

On his mother's birthday in 1874, Arthur was created a royal peer, being titled as the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex.[11] Some years later, Arthur came into the direct line of succession to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany, upon the death in 1899 of his nephew, Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, the only son of his elder brother, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. He decided, however, to renounce his own and his son's succession rights to the duchy, which then passed to his other nephew, Prince Charles Edward, the posthumous son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany.[12]

On 13 March 1879, at St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle, Arthur married Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the daughter of Prince Friedrich Charles and a grand-niece of the German Emperor, Arthur's godfather, Wilhelm I. The couple bore three children: Princess Margaret Victoria Charlotte Augusta Norah (born 15 January 1882), Prince Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert (born 13 January 1883), and Princess Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth (born 17 March 1886), who were all raised at the Connaughts' country home, Bagshot Park, in Surrey, and after 1900 at Clarence House, the Connaughts' London residence. Through his children's marriages, Arthur became the father-in-law of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden; Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife; and Sir Alexander Ramsay. Arthur's first two children predeceased him, however, Margaret while pregnant with his sixth grandchild.[n 1] For many years, Arthur maintained a liaison with Leonie, Lady Leslie, sister of Jennie Churchill, while still remaining devoted to his wife.[13]

Arthur was promoted to the honorary rank of colonel on 14 June 1871,[14] as a lieutenant-colonel in 1876,[2] a substantive colonel on 29 May 1880,[15] and on 1 April, 13 years later, was made a general.[2] The Prince had hoped to succeed his first cousin once-removed, the elderly Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, as Commander-in-chief of the British Army, upon the latter's forced retirement in 1895. But this desire was denied to Arthur, and instead he was given, between 1893 and 1898, command of the southern district of Aldershot. On 26 June 1902 he was promoted to the post of field-marshal, and thereafter served in various important positions, including Commander-in-Chief of Ireland, from 1900 to 1904, and Inspector-General of the Forces, between 1904 and 1907.

At the same time, he continued to undertake royal duties beyond, or vaguely associated with, the army; on the return from a posting in India, he again, this time with his wife, toured Canada in 1890, stopping in all major cities across the country.[9] In 1910, Arthur travelled aboard the Union-Castle Line ship Balmoral Castle to South Africa, to open the first parliament of the newly formed union,[16] and in Johannesburg on 30 November he laid a commemorative stone at the Rand Regiments Memorial, dedicated to the British soldiers that died during the Second Boer War.[17] As well, when his brother was obliged to resign the office upon his accession in 1901 as King Edward VII, Prince Arthur was elected as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England and was subsequently re-elected as such an additional 37 times before 1939, when the Prince was nearly 90 years of age.

British Royalty
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Descendants of Victoria & Albert
   Victoria, Princess Royal
   Edward VII
   Princess Alice
   Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha
   Princess Helena
   Princess Louise
   Arthur, Duke of Connaught
   Leopold, Duke of Albany
   Princess Beatrice

Governor general of Canada

It was announced on 6 March 1911 that George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and signet, approved the recommendation of his British prime minister, H.H. Asquith, to appoint Arthur as his representative.[18] Though his brother-in-law, the Duke of Argyll, had previously served as the country's governor general, with his swearing-in on 13 October 1911, in the salon rouge of the parliament buildings of Quebec,[19] Arthur became the first, and so far only, Governor General of Canada to be of the Blood Royal.[18]

To Canada, Arthur brought with him his wife and his youngest daughter, the latter of whom would become an extremely popular figure with Canadians. With the viceregal family, the Governor General travelled throughout the country, performing such constitutional and ceremonial tasks as opening parliament in 1911 (to which the Arthur wore his field marshal's uniform and the Duchess of Connaught wore the gown she had worn at the King's coronation the previous year) and,[19] in 1917, laying at the newly rebuilt Centre Block on Parliament Hill the same cornerstone his older brother, the late King Edward VII, had set on 1 September 1860, when the original building was under construction. The family crossed the country a number of times and the Governor General made another trip to the United States in 1912, when he met with President William Howard Taft.[20]

When in Ottawa, Connaught maintained a routine of four days each week at his office on Parliament Hill and held small, private receptions for members of all political parties and dignitaries. The Duke learned to ice skate and hosted skating parties at the royal and viceroyal residence — Rideau Hall — to which the Connaughts made many physical improvements during Arthur's term as governor general. The royal family also took to camping and other outdoor sports, such as hunting and fishing.[21]

In 1914, World War I broke out, with Canadians called to arms against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Arthur maintained a wider role in the empire — for instance, from 1912 until his death, serving as Colonel-in-Chief of the Cape Town Highlanders Regiment[22] — but the Connaughts remained in Canada after the beginning of the global conflict, with Arthur emphasising the need for military training and readiness for Canadian troops departing for war, and giving his name to Connaught Cup for the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, to encourage pistol marksmanship for recruits. He was also active in auxiliary war services and charities and conducted hospital visits. Though well intended, upon the outbreak of the war, Arthur immediately donned his field marshal's uniform and went, without advice or guidance from his ministers, to training grounds and barracks to address the troops and to see them off before their voyage to Europe. This was much to the chagrin of Prime Minister Robert Borden, who saw the Prince as overstepping constitutional conventions.[23] Borden placed blame on the military secretary, Edward Stanton, but also opined that Arthur "laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realised his limitations as Governor General."[24] At the same time, the Duchess of Connaught worked for the Red Cross and other organisations to support the war cause. She was also Colonel-in-Chief of the Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Canadian Rangers battalion, one of the regiments in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, and Princess Patricia also lent her name and support to the raising of a new Canadian army regiment — Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.

Following the war, Arthur commissioned in memory of Canada's fallen a stained glass window which is located in St. Bartholomew's Church, next to Rideau Hall, and which the family attended regularly.

Later life

After his years in Canada, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn held no similar public offices but undertook a number of public engagements. In 1921, he travelled to India, where he officially opened the new Central Legislative Assembly, Council of State, and Chamber of Princes.[25] As president of the Boy Scouts Association and one of Lord Baden-Powell's friends and admirers, he performed the official opening of the 3rd World Scout Jamboree at Arrowe Park.

The Duke also returned to military service and continued well into World War II,[26] where he was seen as a grandfather figure by aspiring recruits. The Duchess, who had been ill during their years at Rideau Hall, died in March 1917, and Arthur mostly withdrew from public life in 1928; his last formal engagement was the opening of the Connaught Gardens in Sidmouth, Devon, on 3 November 1934. He died in 1942 at Bagshot Park, at the age of 91 years, 8 months and, 15 days. He is buried in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore. Coincidentally this was exactly the same age at which his elder sister, Princess Louise, Dowager Duchess of Argyll died. Thereby, making them jointly the two longest-lived of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's nine children. Prince Arthur also currently holds the record as the longest-lived male member of the British and then Commonwealth realms royal family.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Through Princess Margaret, the reigning monarchs of Sweden and Denmark are descended from the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.

References

  1. ^ London Gazette: no. 21108. p. 1807. 26 June 1850. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2010). Home to Canada: Royal Tours 1786–2010. Tonawanda: Dundurn Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-55488-800-9. 
  3. ^ Erickson, Carolly (15 January 2002). Her Little Majesty: The Life of Queen Victoria. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743236577. 
  4. ^ London Gazette: no. 23391. p. 3431. 19 June 1868. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  5. ^ London Gazette: no. 23436. p. 5467. 30 October 1868. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  6. ^ London Gazette: no. 23522. p. 4313. 3 August 1869. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  7. ^ a b Bousfield 2010, p. 81
  8. ^ Bousfield 2010, p. 82
  9. ^ a b Bousfield 2010, p. 83
  10. ^ Hubbard, R.H. (1977). Rideau Hall. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0773503106. 
  11. ^ London Gazette: no. 24098. p. 2779. 26 May 1874. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  12. ^ http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/HGSachsen-CG.htm#1899
  13. ^ King, Greg (2007). Twilight of Splendor: The Court of Queen Victoria During Her Diamond Jubilee. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 59. ISBN 978-0470044391. 
  14. ^ London Gazette: no. 23751. p. 3006. 30 June 1871. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  15. ^ London Gazette: no. 24849. p. 3269. 29 May 1880. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  16. ^ Cox, Martin. "Union-Castle Line – A brief Company History". Maritime Matters. http://www.maritimematters.com/union-castle.html. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 
  17. ^ "The Anglo-Boer War Memorial at the Museum of Military History". The All at Sea Network. http://www.allatsea.co.za/cems/anglomemorial.htm. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 
  18. ^ a b Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Governor General > Former Governors General > Field Marshal His Royal Highness the Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn". Queen's Printer for Canada. http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/connaught_e.asp. Retrieved 30 April 2009. 
  19. ^ a b Bousfield 2010, p. 85
  20. ^ Bousfield 2010, p. 86
  21. ^ Bousfield 2010, p. 87
  22. ^ "History – Past Royal Connections". Cape Town Highlanders Website (Unofficial). http://www.cthighlanders.co.za/cth/history.htm. Retrieved 28 August 2008. 
  23. ^ Hubbard, R.H. (1977). Rideau Hall. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0773503106. 
  24. ^ Borden, Robert (1 January 1969). Memoires. 1. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. pp. 601–602. 
  25. ^ Harrison, Brian, ed. (2004), "Arthur, Prince, first duke of Connaught and Strathearn", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, I, Oxford: Oxford University Press 
  26. ^ Bell, Edward (4 June 1939), Letter to Mrs. E.I.J. Bell, The Letter Repository, http://www.war-letters.com/0023/0024.html, retrieved 25 April 2010 

External links

Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 1 May 1850 Died: 16 January 1942
German royalty
Preceded by
Hereditary Prince Alfred
Heir to Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
as heir presumptive

6 February 1899 – 15 July 1899
Succeeded by
The Duke of Albany
Government offices
Preceded by
The Earl Grey
Governor General of Canada
1911–1916
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The Duke of Devonshire
Military offices
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1883–1904
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1893–1898
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1900–1904
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1904–1942
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Honorary titles
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later became King Edward VII
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Masonic offices
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later became King Edward VII
Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge
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1901–1939
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Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
1874–1942
Succeeded by
Alastair Windsor